Exploration of External Beam Radiation Therapy Treatment for Breast Cancer Patients - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 808 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? In 1896, Wilhem Conrad Roentgen (a German physics professor) presented a lecture introducing the x-ray. There was immediate worldwide excitement and systems were quickly developed to utilize this new technology and within three years x-rays were being used to treat cancer. The American Cancer Society (2014) describes that it was common for early radiologists use themselves to test the strength of the radiation coming from machines. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Exploration of External Beam Radiation Therapy Treatment for Breast Cancer Patients" essay for you Create order They would use the skin on their arms to find a dosage that would produce a sunburn like reaction. This was called the â€Å"erythema dose† and was used as an estimate of the daily fraction to treat patients. This testing led to the discovery that radiation could cause cancer as many of these radiologists developed leukemia from the regular radiation exposure. Thankfully, methods and machines for delivering radiation therapy have continued to improve. Today there are many different techniques to delivery radiation therapy including external beam radiation, brachytherapy (internal radiation), and intraoperative radiation. The goal of radiation therapy is to treat the cancerous area while protecting healthy tissues and organs. This paper will explore the use of external beam radiation therapy for patients with breast cancer. In 2018 there will be an estimated 268,670 new cases of breast cancer – 266,120 for women and 2,550 for men (Siegel, Miller, Jemal, 2018). , Among women, this represents the largest number of new cases and the second leading cause of cancer death. According to the American Cancer Society (2017), external beam radiation is the most common type of radiation treatment for breast cancer. The American Cancer Society (2017) outlines common situations in which external beam radiation therapy is used: Following breast conserving surgery. Typically, the entire breast is treated (whole breast radiation) and a boost of radiation directed at the site where the cancer was removed. The boost is often given after the whole breast radiation treatment. Following a mastectomy with no lymph node involvement. Typically, the radiation is directed at the chest wall, mastectomy scar, and location of any drains exiting the body. If cancer was detected in lymph nodes, radiation treatment may be directed at these areas, commonly the axillary lymph nodes, supraclavicular lymph nodes, and internal mammary lymph nodes. Traditionally radiation treatment is performed five days a week for about five to six weeks. Accelerated breast irradiation is now being performed giving patients a larger dose over a shorter time. The American Cancer Society (2017) outlines these types: Hypofractionated radiation therapy – larger doses of radiation given in fewer treatments, usually for three weeks. For patients who had breast conserving surgery without cancer spread to axillary lymph nodes, results show that it is as effective in preventing cancer recurrence as treatment over five weeks and may also reduce short-term side effects. Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) – a single large dose of radiation is given in the operating room following cancer removal and prior to incision closure. 3D-conformal radiotherapy – computed tomography (CT) images are used to map the tumor bed and the radiation beams are directed to this area from multiple directions sparing healthy breast tissue. Treatment is given for five days, twice a day. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a newer treatment method. It is similar to conformal radiation therapy in that it uses CT images to map and direct the radiation beams from multiple directions to the treatment area. With IMRT, the strength of the radiation beams can be adjusted in each direction. Research suggests that IMRT may reduce toxicity in patients particularly in combination with partial breast irradiation in the prone position (Buwenge, et al., 2017). Cancer of the left breast introduces the challenge of treating the area while minimizing damage to the heart from radiation exposure.Various techniques aim to do this by considering the location of the treatment area and the patient’s anatomy. IMRT can reduce the amount of radiation in the beams that pass through the heart. Prone positioning allows gravity to pull the breast away from the heart during treatment. Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) moves much of the heart out of the treatment field. DIBH has been shown to reduce the mean heart dose in patients while also decreasing the dose to the lungs (Bergom, Currey, Desai, Tai, Strauss, 2018). Another modern technique is volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and is an evolution of IMRT. With IMRT, the radiation beam is directed at a fixed number of locations with each beam having its own intensity level. VMAT allows for radiation to be delivered along the entire rotation of the machine arm and for the intensity to be adj usted at each position. It seems that the research of VMAT in treating breast cancer is limited and it is unclear when this technique would result in an advantage over established methods (Cozzi, et al., 2017). Radiation therapy to treat breast cancer as well as radiation therapy in general is an ever-evolving field. Research continues to fine-tune current strategies and develop new ones.

Addison And Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System - 1288 Words

Reading Level Addison was administered the Fountas and Pinnell Benchmark Assessment System in order to determine her current reading level. The following table demonstrates Addison’s independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels and a brief explanation of the levels compared to grade levels. Independent Level Fountas and Pinnel Level P Grade 3 end of the year expectation for independent level Instructional Level Fountas and Pinnel Level Q-R Grade 4 end of the year expectation for independent level. Frustration Level Fountas and Pinnel Level S Grade 4 end of the year expectation for instructional level. Addison read a narrative and an expository passage at Level P, â€Å"Plenty of Pets† a narrative passage and then an expository passage, â€Å"Animal Instincts†. Addison read both passages with 96% and 99% accuracy respectively. She scored satisfactory on both passages. When reading Level Q, she read a nonfiction passage, â€Å"Not Too Cold for a Polar Bear† with 97% accuracy and excellent comprehension. At Level R, she read with 95% accuracy and satisfactory for comprehension, although it is deliberate and arduous. However, when Addison read a narrative and expository text Level S, â€Å"Could Be Worse† and â€Å"Amazing Animal Adaptations†, reading both passages below 95% accuracy. When considering a fluency score, Addison primarily reads in three and four word groups, however it is not smooth and lacks expression with a slow rate most of the time. Aimweb progress

Rn Resume Free Essays

Objective To be able to integrate professional competencies in the nursing role of growth oriented company as health care provider, health educator, patient’s advocated and collaborator of care in competitive world of nursing profession. * Qualifications: Registered Nurse/Registered Midwife Skilled in Surgical-orthopedic and Medical ward Skilled in Delivery Room and Intensive Maternal Unit Has two (2) years working experience in Government Hospitals Intravenous Therapist trained * Possesses good interpersonal and communication skills * Saudi Barometric Council Passer * Computer literate Work Experience: I-POSITION: staff Nurse Area: Delivery Room/ Intensive Maternal Unit Name of Hospital: Sambaing City Medical Center Location: Gambol City Duration: November 15 2011- December 31 2012 Hospital Background: Tertiary Level 4 teaching-training hospital with an authorized bed- facility. Job Descriptions: capacity of 300 and government-owned health care . We will write a custom essay sample on Rn Resume or any similar topic only for you Order Now . 4. Attends morning rounds. Performs direct patient care procedures. Manages and assists normal deliveries. Take records and charts. 6. Assists in the preparation of patients for treatment, examination and surgery. 7. Administers medications. 8. Operates diagnostic procedures. Al- POSITION: staff Nurse Area: Medical and Surgical Ward/ Orthopedic Ward Name of Hospital: Camp Innovator General Hospital Location: Sambaing City Duration: October 01 2010-October 05 2011 Hospital Background: A 200-bed capacity secondary hospital at Western Mindanao Command Armed Forces of the Philippines. 5. Performs direct patient care procedure. Carries out doctor’s order. Observes patient’s records and reports. Operates diagnostic procedures. Maintains records reflecting patient condition, medication and treatment. Sets up treatment trays and prepares instrument and equipment. How to cite Rn Resume, Papers

Black Panthers Essay Example For Students

Black Panthers Essay Word Count: 837In 1966, the national Black Panther party was created. Their platform and its idealsstruck a chord with blacks across the country, especially in the inner cities of the north. ThePanthers were able to organize and unite these blacks. This alarmed the federal government. They instituted many controversial, illegal programs of harassment, infiltration, and instigationwhich led to the deaths of many Panthers. From their inception, thewere treated with disdain and contempt. ThePanthers wrote out a platform called What We Want, What We Believe. There ideas andmethods appealed greatly to blacks. The past few years had seen the civil rights struggle rise, andhad left many blacks with the feeling that not enough was being accomplished. Many Blacksshared the view of the Panthers in that violence was needed to defend themselves until trueequality could be achieved. Aside from being militant, the Panthers did things that helped thecommunity. They set up breakfast, and helped people to clean up their neighborhoods. TheBlack Panthers gave many urban black communities a sense of unity and identity that they hadnthad before. The Panthers rhetoric of violence alarmed the government. In March of 1968, thePanther newspaper printed this warning to police, Halt in the name of humanity! You shall makeno more war on unarmed people. You will not kill another black person and walk on the streetsof the black community to gloat about it and sneer at the defenseless relatives of your victims. From now on, when you murder a black person in this Babylon or Babylons, you may as well giveit up because we will get your ass and God cant hide you.1 This gave the government cause foralarm, and they stepped up their efforts accordingly.The government went through greatlengths to keep up the status quo. They began campaigns of disinformation against the Panthersin order to stop any support for the Panthers. The Panthers were continuously harassed by police. Panthers were followed and arrested on minor, sometimes fabricated charges. For Example, inOakland California, the headquarters of the Panthers, police would randomly arre st any Panthers. In 1967, the FBI arrested 21 Black Panthers for conspiring to blow up department stores andbotanical gardens in New York.2Not only was it local law enforcement that tried to destroy the Panthers, but the FBI wasvery actively involved. The FBI had begun using their COINTELPRO program towards theBlack Panthers in November 1968. They had many agents working to surveil, harass andinfiltrate the group. One of the first major actions the FBI undertook was to create a violentconfrontation between the Panthers and the US group. The FBI used different methods, such assending satirical cartoons to members of the Panthers under the pretense they were from US. These cartoons served to further agitate the already volatile situation. An FBI agent said of thecartoons, The BPP membersstrongly objected being made fun of be cartoons being distributedby the US organization (FBI cartoons in actuality)Informant has advised on several occasionsthat the cartoons are, really shaking up the BPP.3 Later on, the FBI forged a Panthers name,and sent a letter to another group of Panthers. This later was intended to spark more hatred andconfrontation between the two groups, which it did. The FBIs efforts continued, and were escalated. Their work with the Black Pantherscame to a head on cold December morning in 1969. The FBI had gathered a large amount ofinformation on the leader of the Chicago Black Panthers, Fred Hampton. Through their sourceswithin the Panthers, they knew the layout of Freds apartment, and when he would be there. At4:45 in the morning, fourteen police burst through the door, and began shooting the interior of theapartment. The police wounded four people and killed two. Soon after the Illinois StateAttorney issued a statement that it was the Black Panthers who had mounted the attack on thepolice, who had been carrying on a search for illegal weapons. Flint Taylor wrote of the StateAttorneys statement, Hanrahan had a story that Fred was up and firing away at the police in theback part of the apartment. Well the bed that he was sleeping on had blood all over it at thehead and at other places. So obviously, that totally disproved the theory that Fred was up, about,and firing away.4Upon later investigation, it was discovered that the Panthers had only fired oneshot out of the hundred or so that were fired. It was also discovered that the police hadfabricated evidence to make it appear as if the Panthers had fired upon the police. In conclusion, . Because the Black Panthers united the black communities within the innercities of the United States. This unity threatened the control the government had on these people. The government used illegal and unethical methods in order to destroy the Black Panthers. Theirdeception led directly to the deaths of several Panthers